The Bochum plasma physicists Prof. Padma Kant Shukla and Dr. Dastgeer Shaikh from the University of Alabama are thereby the first to verify by means of computer simulation that the non-linear characteristics of turbulences in the plasma carried by the solar wind differs from the familiar model for dynamic fluids. The scientists have published their results in ‘Physical Review Letters.’

Recognized for over 60 years: The 5/3 law

According to Kolmogorov’s theory there is a relationship between the size of eddies and the amount of energy released or dissipated by hot solar particles. The smaller an eddy gets the more it interacts with its surroundings, so the greater the energy loss.  For example this can be observed in the turbulent wake caused by a bridge piling in a flowing river. The energy of the tumbling wake dissipates only at the edges, where the smallest eddies interact with the smooth flowing water. The Kolmogorov law set the exponents for the relationship between eddy size and energy at 5/3: In a dynamic fluid, the amount of energy released should increase by a factor of  x5/3 when the size of the eddy is reduced by a factor of x.

7/3 law: Efficiency increases by 40 percent

Observations made by the Voyager, other spacecraft and satellites show that the energy flow in plasma tends to follow a 7/3 law rather than the so-called 5/3 law proposed by Kolmogorov. The dynamic spectrum of the wave lengths in plasma is therefore significantly greater than in other hydrodynamic systems. The efficiency of energy transfer between hot particles carried in the solar wind and cooler particles increases by 40 percent. The computer model developed by Shukla and Shaikh explains the sudden increase by the interaction between magnetic fields and the outward flowing currents of hot atoms, ions and electrons. The magnetic field is responsible for energy cascades. Influenced and ‘constrained’ by magnetic fields, the small eddies serve to “damp” the energy in them.

Explanation  for gigantic quantities of cosmic energy

“This is the same kind of thing that happens in a microwave oven,” Shaikh said. “If there is nothing there, the microwaves go out without releasing their energy. But the microwaves are absorbed by the food, causing them to release the energy and heat the food.” “This development of the two scientists helps us to understand how the particles in the solar wind contain enormous quantities of energy. Prof. Shukla continued “It might also explain where the fastest and most powerful cosmic rays get their boost.” Scientists have struggled for decades to find plausible natural processes that could explain how some cosmic rays (atoms stripped of their electrons) are accelerated to almost the speed of light.

They are deep and dense, and not even light can escape their grip. We’re talking about black holes, but they may not be as dark as you think.

“If you have binoculars, you might be able to make out a smudge, which would be the nearest galaxies,” says Jon Miller, an assistant professor of astronomy at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor.

But what you won’t see — even with a telescope — black holes! In fact, Miller doesn’t even use one to study black holes. He uses his computer.

“I think it’s really for the best that NASA doesn’t let people like me drive billion-dollar satellites. So instead, we get data distributed through the computer networks,” Miller tells DBIS.

These data reveal just how complex black holes are. As gravity pulls matter into the hole, it is heated 1,000-times hotter than the sun and forms mega-heated gases. As the hole’s magnetic Propecia buy cheap field pulls these gases into its center, it creates a light show.